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Ethos of Science

yuti — November 17, 2007 / 4:55 pm

Robert K. Merton, a science sociologist, proposed four elements which became ethos of science, which are(Huff, 1995):

  1. Universalism: this norm suggest two imperatives: first, that knowledge claims should be judged impersonally according to standard criteria and without regard to the personal characteristics of the researcher; and second, that all persons, regardless of ethnic or kinship ties, or religious knowledge, should be freely admitted into the universe of scientific discourse.
  2. Communalism: according to this imperative, the actual findings of research belong to the community at large and are not to be secreted or appropriated solely to by the researcher.
  3. Disinterestedness: according to this norm, the scientist is expected to display a dispassionate pursuit of the truth through publicly available means and to forgo all forms of personal gain and aggrandizement.
  4. Organized skepticism: this institutional imperative enjoins “temporary” suspension of judgment and the detached scrutiny of beliefs in terms of empirical and logical criteria,” and the application of this attitude toward all knowledge claims, even those issuing from other well regarded institutions.

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